We discuss HST FOS ultraviolet spectroscopy and NICMOS near-infrared photometry of four young super star clusters in the central region of the irregular starburst galaxy NGC 1569. The new observations coupled with previous HST WFPC2 photometry and ground-based optical spectroscopy allow us to isolate and age-date the hot and cool stellar components of these massive clusters. We analyze the two components A1 and A2 of the brightest super star cluster NGC 1569-A. This cluster received previous attention due to the simultaneous presence of Wolf-Rayet stars and red supergiants. The FOS spectra provide the first evidence for O-stars in NGC 1569-A, indicating a young (5 Myr) stellar component in A1 and/or A2. Comparison with other high-mass star-forming regions suggests that the O- and Wolf-Rayet stars are spatially coincident. If so, cluster A2 could be the host of the very young O- and Wolf-Rayet population, and the somewhat older red supergiants could be predominantly located in A1. The mass-to-light ratio of NGC 1569-A1 is analyzed in five optical and infrared photometric bands and compared to evolutionary synthesis models. No indications for an anomalous initial mass function are found, consistent with a scenario where this cluster is the progenitor of present-day globular clusters. The clusters A1 and A2 are compared to clusters B and #30. The latter two clusters are older and fully dominated by red supergiants. All four super star clusters provide a significant fraction (20 - 25%) of the total optical and near-infrared light in the central region of the galaxy. The photometric properties of the super star cluster population in NGC 1569 resemble those of the populous clusters in the Magellanic Clouds.

L. Origlia C. Leitherer A. Aloisi L. Greggio M. Tosi

Using deep high-resolution multi-band images taken with the Very Large Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope, we discovered a new anomalous sequence in the Color Magnitude Diagram of omega Cen. This feature appears as a narrow, well-defined Sub Giant Branch (SGB-a), which merges into the Main Sequence of the dominant cluster population at a magnitude significantly fainter than the cluster Turn-Off (TO). The simplest hypothesis assumes that the new feature is the extension of the anomalous Red Giant Branch (RGB-a) metal-rich population discovered by Lee et al. (1999) and Pancino et al. (2000). However, under this assumption the interpretation of the SGB-a does not easily fit into the context of a self-enrichment scenario within omega Cen. In fact, its TO magnitude, shape and extension are not compatible with a young, metal-rich population, as required by the self-enrichment process. The TO level of the SGB-a suggests indeed an age as old as the main cluster population, further supporting the extra-cluster origin of the most metal rich stars, as suggested by Ferraro, Bellazzini & Pancino (2002). Only accurate measurements of radial velocities and metal abundances for a representative sample of stars will firmly establish whether or not the SGB-a is actually related to the RGB-a and will finally shed light on the origin of the metal rich population of omega Cen.

F. R. Ferraro A. Sollima E. Pancino M. Bellazzini O. Straniero L. Origlia A. M. Cool

We present the chemical abundance analysis of 33 red giant stars belonging to the complex stellar system Terzan 5. We confirm the discovery of two stellar populations (Ferraro et al. 2009, Nature, 462,483) with distinct iron abundances: a relatively metal-poor component with [Fe/H]=-0.25 +/- 0.07 r.m.s., and another component with [Fe/H]=+0.27 +/- 0.04 r.m.s., exceeding in metallicity any known Galactic globular cluster. The two populations also show different [alpha/Fe] abundance ratios. The metal-poor component has an average [alpha/Fe]=+0.34 +/- 0.06 r.m.s., consistent with the canonical scenario for rapid enrichment by core collapse supernovae (SNe). The metal-rich component has [alpha/Fe]=+0.03 +/-i 0.04 r.m.s., suggesting that the gas from which it formed was polluted by both type II and type Ia SNe on a longer timescale. Neither of the two populations shows evidence of the [Al/Fe] over [O/Fe] anti-correlation, that is typically observed in Galactic globular clusters. Because these chemical abundance patterns are unique, we propose that Terzan 5 is not a true globular cluster, but a stellar system with a much more complex history of star formation and chemical enrichment.

L. Origlia R. M. Rich F. R. Ferraro B. Lanzoni M. Bellazzini E. Dalessandro A. Mucciarelli E. Valenti G. Beccari

The Scutum complex in the inner disk of the Galaxy hosts a number of young clusters and associations of red supergiant stars that are heavily obscured by dust extinction. These stars are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. Within the SPA Large Programme at the TNG, we secured GIANO-B high-resolution (R=50,000) YJHK spectra of 11 red supergiants toward the Alicante 7 and Alicante 10 associations near the RSGC3 cluster. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to measure several hundreds of atomic and molecular lines that are suitable for chemical abundance determinations. We also measured a prominent diffuse interstellar band at lambda=1317.8 nm (vacuum). This provides an independent reddening estimate. The radial velocities, Gaia proper motions, and extinction of seven red supergiants in Alicante 7 and three in Alicante 10 are consistent with them being members of the associations. One star toward Alicante 10 has kinematics and low extinction that are inconsistent with a membership. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained chemical abundances for iron-peak, CNO, alpha, other light, and a few neutron-capture elements. We found average slightly subsolar iron abundances and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns for most of the elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found depletion of [C/Fe], enhancement of [N/Fe], and relatively low 12C/13C<15, which is consistent with CN cycled material and possibly some additional mixing in their atmospheres.

L. Origlia E. Dalessandro N. Sanna A. Mucciarelli E. Oliva G. Cescutti M. Rainer A. Bragaglia G. Bono

This is the first of a series of papers devoted to a global study of the photometric properties of the red stellar sequences in a complete sample of the Large Magellanic Cloud clusters, by means of near infrared array photometry. Deep J,H,Ks photometry and accurate Color Magnitude Diagrams down to K=18.5, i.e. 1.5 mag below the red He-clump, for six intermediate age clusters (namely NGC1987, NGC2108, NGC2190, NGC2209, NGC2231, NGC2249) are presented. A quantitative estimate of the population ratios (by number and luminosity) between Red Giant Branch and He-clump stars for each target cluster is provided and discussed in the framework of probing the so-called Red Giant Branch phase transition (RGB Ph-T). By using the Elson & Fall s-parameter as an age indicator, the observed RGB population shows a sharp enhancement (both in number and luminosity) at s=36. Obviously, the corresponding absolute age strictly depends on the details of theoretical models adopted to calibrate the s-parameter. Curiously, the currently available calibrations of the s-parameter in term of age based on canonical (by Elson & Fall 1988) and overshooting (Girardi et al. 1995) models provide ages that well agree within 10%, suggesting that the full development of the Red Giant Branch occurs at t=700 Myr and be a relatively fast event (delta t=300 Myr). However, the RGB Ph-T epoch derived from the overshooting calibration of the s-parameter turns out to be significantly earlier than the epoch provided by the recent evolutionary tracks by Girardi et al. (2000). A new calibration of the s-parameter based on high quality Color Magnitude Diagrams and updated models is urged to address the origin of this discrepancy and finally establish the epoch of the RGB Ph-T.

Francesco R. Ferraro Livia Origlia Vincenzo Testa Claudia Maraston

We present evolutionary synthesis models applied to near--infrared spectral features observed in the spectra of young Magellanic Cloud clusters and starburst galaxies. The temporal evolution of the first and second overtones of CO at 2.29 micron (2-0 bandhead) and 1.62 micron (6-3 bandhead) and of the (U-B), (B-V) and (J-K) colors are investigated. We find that the current evolutionary tracks of massive stars with sub-solar chemical composition in the red supergiant phase are not reliable for any synthesis of the temporal evolution of infrared stellar features. The high sensitivity of the selected infrared features to the atmospheric parameters of cool stars allows us to place constraints on the temperature and the fraction of time spent in the red part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram by massive stars during their core-helium burning phase. We derive a set of empirically calibrated spectrophotometric models by adjusting the red supergiant parameters such that the properties of the observed templates are reproduced.

Livia Origlia Jeffrey D. Goldader Claus Leitherer Daniel Schaerer Ernesto Oliva

Using the NIRSPEC spectrograph at Keck II, we have obtained echelle spectra covering the range 1.5-1.8um for 2 of the brightest giants in Liller 1 and NGC 6553, old metal rich globular clusters in the Galactic bulge. We use spectrum synthesis for the abundance analysis, and find [Fe/H]=-0.3 +/- 0.2 and [O/H]=+0.3 +/- 0.2 dex. The composition of the clusters is similar to that of field stars in the bulge and is consistent with a sceanrio in which the clusters formed early, with rapid enrichment. We have dificulty achieveing a good fit to the spectrum of NGC 6553 using either the low or the high values recently reported in the literature, unless unusually large, or no alpha-element enhancements are adopted, respectively.

Livia Origlia R. Michael Rich Sandra Castro

We present the preliminary analysis of a deep (100ks) XMM-Newton observation of M82. The spatial distribution of the abundances of chemical elements (Fe, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S) is investigated through narrow-band imaging analisys and spatially-resolved spectroscopy. We find that the abundances of alpha-elements follow a bipolar distribution, these elements being more abundant in the gaseous outflow than in the galaxy centre. This behaviour is found to be more marked for lighter elements (O, Ne) than for heavier elements.

Piero Ranalli Andrea Comastri Livia Origlia Roberto Maiolino Kazuo Makishima

We present a detailed abundance analysis of giant stars in NGC 1978, a massive, intermediate-age stellar cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud, characterized by a high ellipticity and suspected to have a metallicity spread. We analyzed 11 giants, all cluster members, by using high resolution spectra acquired with the UVES/FLAMES spectrograph at the ESO-Very Large Telescope. We find an iron content of [Fe/H]=-0.38 dex with very low (0.07 dex) dispersion, and a mean heliocentric radial velocity Vr=293.1 (with an error of 0.9 km/s) and a velocity dispersion (3.1 km/s), thus excluding the presence of a significant metallicity, as well as velocity, spread within the cluster.

Francesco R. Ferraro Alessio Mucciarelli Eugenio Carretta Livia Origlia

We report on the ongoing data analysis of a very deep (~100 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the starburst galaxy M82. We show some details of data analysis and a few results from spatially-resolved spectroscopy with the EPIC cameras. Since M82 is a bright object with a complex spectrum, the data reduction of such a deep observation has posed many challenges both about the involved astrophysical processes and the available data analysis techniques. Vertical (with respect to the galaxy plane) abundance gradients are discovered. The hints for an under-abundance of Oxygen stemming from our previous study are confirmed. The hot X-ray emitting gas is shown to have a multi-temperature distribution.

Piero Ranalli Livia Origlia Andrea Comastri Roberto Maiolino